Fig 1: Andrographis and berberine mutually enhance the inhibition of DNA replication in mouse xenografts and patient-derived tumor organoids. (A) A bar graph showing the relative mRNA expression of FEN1, MCM7, PRIM1, MCM5, POLA1, MCM4, and PCNA in dissected tumor xenografts after being treated with berberine and/or Andrographis; (B) A bar graph showing the relative mRNA expression of DNA-replication-related genes in two strains of patient-derived tumor organoids; (C,D) The protein immunoblot analysis of DNA-replication-related proteins in RKO cells and dissected tumor xenografts treated with berberine and/or Andrographis. Statistical Significance: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. BBR, berberine; Andro, Andrographis.
Fig 2: The enhanced anticancer effect of Andrographis and berberine is mediated by the suppression of the DNA replication pathway in CRC. (A) The volcano plot obtained from whole-transcriptome profiling analyses of RKO and HT-29 cells after treatment with berberine (|log2 fold change| > 1, p < 0.05); (B) The bubble diagram of the KEGG pathway analysis based on the significantly dysregulated genes; (C) The heatmap of the common differentially expressed genes in both RKO and HT-29 cells and the heatmap of the transcriptional expression of DNA replication-specific genes; (D) A bar graph showing the relative mRNA expression of FEN1, MCM7, PRIM1, MCM5, POLA1, MCM4, and PCNA in RKO and HT-29 cells after being treated by berberine, Andrographis and their combination. Statistical Significance: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. BBR, berberine; Andro, Andrographis.
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